Ibn e batuta biography definition

Qadi are the judges in Islamic society who have control over matters of religion. This is an important area within Islam. Inat the age of 21, he left his home to make the traditional pilgrimage, or hajjto the sacred Muslim city of Mecca in Arabia today called Saudi Arabia.

Ibn e batuta biography definition: Ibn Battuta was a medieval Muslim

He joined a caravan with about 20, other travelers. During his year and a half journey, he traveled by sea and over land, often through rough deserts and mountains. He wrote how the great port in Alexandria Egypt had two harbors — one for Christian merchant ships and one for Muslim ships. He became a well liked man. He completed his pilgrimage inand studied in Mecca for many months.

But Ibn Battuta had gained a love for travel. In latehe joined a caravan of travelers heading for Mesopotamia modern Iraq. He first left Mecca in in November and headed toward Mesopotamia modern day Iraq. The new Mongol ruler declared that instead of Christianity, Islam would be the main religion of the area. The fact that Ibn Battuta could read and speak Arabic quickly made him a popular visitor among the leaders.

Ibn Battuta discovered his love of travel during his pilgrimage. He loved seeing new places, learning about other cultures and meeting new people. He decided to travel further. For about 28 years, Ibn Battuta traveled around the world. He then traveled along the east coast of Africa, spending time in Somalia and Tanzania. After seeing much of the African coast, he returned to Mecca for the Hajj.

Ibn Battuta then traveled north, visiting Anatolia Turkey and the Crimea. Needing a guide and translator if he was to travel there, he went to Anatolia, then under the control of the Seljuk Turks, to join up with one of the caravans that went from there to India. A sea voyage from Damascus on a Genoese ship landed him in Alanya on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey.

From there he travelled by land to Konya and then Sinope on the Black Sea coast. There he bought a wagon and fortuitously joined the caravan of Ozbeg, the Golden Horde's Khan, on a journey as far as Astrakhan on the Volga River. Upon reaching Astrakhan, the Khan allowed one of his pregnant wives to go give birth back in her home city -- Constantinople.

It is perhaps of no surprise to the reader that Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, his first beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world. After a month in the city, he retraced his route to Astrakhan, then carried on past the Caspian and Aral Seas to Bokhara and Samarkand. From there he journeyed south to Afghanistan, the mountain passes of which he used to cross into India.

The Sultanate of Delhi was a relatively new addition to Dar al-Islam, and the sultan had resolved to import as many Muslim scholars and other functionaries as possible to consolidate his rule. On the strength of his years of studies while in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was employed as a qadi "judge" by the Sultan Muhammed Tuguluq. The Sultan was erratic even by the standards of the time, and Ibn Battuta veered between living the high life of a trusted subordinate, and being under suspicion for a variety of reasons.

Eventually he resolved to leave on the pretext of taking another hajj, but the Sultan offered the alternative of being ambassador to China. Given the opportunity to both get away from the Sultan and visit new lands, Ibn Battuta took it.

Ibn e batuta biography definition: Ibn Battuta was a Maghrebi traveller,

En route to the coast, he and his party were attacked by Hindu rebels, and separated from the others he was robbed and nearly lost his life. Nevertheless, he managed to catch up with his group within two days, and continued the journey to Cambay. From there they sailed to Calicut. While Ibn Battuta visited a mosque on shore, however, a storm blew up and two of the ships of his expedition were sunk.

The third then sailed away without him, and ended up seized by a local king in Sumatra a few months later. Fearful of returning to Delhi as a failure, he stayed for a time in the south under the protection of Jamal al-Din, but when that worthy was overthrown it became necessary for Ibn Battuta to leave India altogether. He resolved to carry on to China, with a detour near the beginning of the journey to the Maldives.

Ibn e batuta biography definition: Ibn Battuta ( –

In the Maldives he spent nine months, much more time than he had intended to. As a qadi his skills were highly desirable in the backwards islands and he was half-bribed, half-kidnapped into staying. Appointed chief judge and marrying into the royal family, he became embroiled in local politics, and ended up leaving after wearing out his welcome by imposing strict judgments in the laissez-faire island kingdom.

From there he carried on to Ceylon for a visit to Adam's Peak. Orhan was away and his wife was in command of the nearby stationed soldiers, Ibn Battuta gave this account of Orhan's wife: "A pious and excellent woman. She treated me honourably, gave me hospitality and sent gifts. Ibn Battuta's account of Orhan: [ 78 ]. The greatest of the kings of the Turkmens and the richest in wealth, lands and military forces.

Of fortresses, he possesses nearly a hundred, and for most of his time, he is continually engaged in making a round of them, staying in each fortress for some days to put it in good order and examine its condition. It is said that he has never stayed for a whole month in any one town. He also fights with the infidels continually and keeps them under siege.

Ibn Battuta had also visited Bursa which at the time was the capital of the Ottoman Beylik, he described Bursa as "a great and important city with fine bazaars and wide streets, surrounded on all sides with gardens and running springs". He also visited the Beylik of Aydin. Ibn Battuta stated that the ruler of the Beylik of Aydin had twenty Greek slaves at the entrance of his palace and Ibn Battuta was given a Greek slave as a gift.

Later, he purchased a young Greek girl for 40 dinars in Ephesuswas gifted another slave in İzmir by the Sultan, and purchased a second girl in Balikesir. The conspicuous evidence of his wealth and prestige continued to grow. He went to the port town of Azovwhere he met with the emir of the Khan, then to the large and rich city of Majar. From there he made a journey to Bolgharwhich became the northernmost point he reached, and noted its unusually short nights in summer by the standards of the subtropics.

Then he returned to the Khan's court and with it moved to Astrakhan. Ibn Battuta recorded that while in Bolghar he wanted to travel further north into the land of darkness. The land is snow-covered throughout northern Siberia and the only means of transport is dog-drawn sled. There lived a mysterious people who were reluctant to show themselves.

They traded with southern people in a peculiar way. Southern merchants brought various goods and placed them in an open area on the snow in the night, then returned to their tents. Next morning they came to the ibn e batuta biography definition again and found their merchandise taken by the mysterious people, but in exchange they found fur-skins which could be used for making valuable coats, jackets, and other winter garments.

The trade was done between merchants and the mysterious people without seeing each other. As Ibn Battuta was not a merchant and saw no benefit of going there he abandoned the travel to this land of darkness. Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, which would be his first beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world. He visited the great church of Hagia Sophia and spoke with an Eastern Orthodox priest about his travels in the city of Jerusalem.

Then he continued past the Caspian and Aral Seas to Bukhara and Samarkandthe latter of which he praised as "one of the grandest and ibn e batuta biographies definition cities, and the most perfect of them". Here he visited the court of another Mongol khan, Tarmashirin r. After this I proceeded to the city of Barwanin the road to which is a high mountain, covered with snow and exceedingly cold; they call it the Hindu Kush, that is Hindu-slayer, because most of the slaves brought thither from India die on account of the intenseness of the cold.

Ibn Battuta and his party reached the Indus River on 12 September Muhammad bin Tughluq was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim world at that time. He patronised various scholars, Sufis, qadisviziersand other functionaries in order to consolidate his rule. On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a qadi judge by the sultan.

It is uncertain by which route Ibn Battuta entered the Indian subcontinent but it is known that he was kidnapped and robbed by rebels on his journey to the Indian coast. He may have entered via the Khyber Pass and Peshawaror further south. From the Rajput kingdom of Sarsatti, Battuta visited Hansi in India, describing it as "among the most beautiful cities, the best constructed and the most populated; it is surrounded with a strong wall, and its founder is said to be one of the great non-Muslim kings, called Tara".

The Sultan was erratic even by the standards of the time and for six years Ibn Battuta veered between living the high life of a trusted subordinate and falling under suspicion of treason for a variety of offences. His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another hajj was stymied by the Sultan. The opportunity for Battuta to leave Delhi finally arose in when an embassy arrived from the Yuan dynasty of China asking for permission to rebuild a Himalayan Buddhist temple popular with Chinese pilgrims.

Ibn Battuta was given charge of the embassy but en route to the coast at the start of the journey to China, he and his large retinue were attacked by a group of bandits. From there, they sailed to Calicut now known as Kozhikodewhere Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama would land two centuries later. While in Calicut, Battuta was the guest of the "ibn e batuta biography definition" Zamorin.

Afraid to return to Delhi and be seen as a failure, he stayed for a time in southern India under the protection of Jamal-ud-Din, ruler of the small but powerful Nawayath Sultanate on the banks of the Sharavathi river next to the Arabian Sea. Following the overthrow of the sultanate, Ibn Battuta had no choice but to leave India. Although determined to continue his journey to China, he first took a detour to visit the Maldive Islands where he worked as a judge.

He spent nine months on the islands, much longer than he had intended. However, the leaders of the formerly Buddhist nation that had recently converted to Islam were looking for a chief judge, someone who knew Arabic and the Qur'an. To convince him to stay they gave him pearls, gold jewellery, and slaves, while at the same time making it impossible for him to leave by ship.

Compelled into staying, he became a chief judge and married into the royal family of Omar I. Ibn Battuta took on his duties as a judge with keenness and strived to transform local practices to conform to a stricter application of Muslim law. He commanded that men who did not attend Friday prayer be publicly whipped, and that robbers' right hand be cut off.

He forbade women from being topless in public, which had previously been the custom. Ibn Battuta resigned from his job as chief qadialthough in all likelihood it was inevitable that he would have been dismissed. Throughout his travels, Ibn Battuta kept close company with women, usually taking a wife whenever he stopped for any length of time at one place, and then divorcing her when he moved on.

While in the Maldives, Ibn Battuta took four wives. In his Travels he wrote that in the Maldives the effect of small dowries and female non-mobility combined to, in effect, make a marriage a convenient temporary arrangement for visiting male travellers and sailors. Ibn Battuta's ship almost sank on embarking from Sri Lanka, only for the vessel that came to his rescue to suffer an attack by pirates.

Stranded onshore, he worked his way back to the Madurai kingdom in India. Here he spent some time in the court of the short-lived Madurai Sultanate under Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad Damghani, [ ] from where he returned to the Maldives and boarded a Chinese junkstill intending to reach China and take up his ambassadorial post. He reached the port of Chittagong in modern-day Bangladesh intending to travel to Sylhet to meet Shah Jalalwho became so renowned that Ibn Battuta, then in Chittagong, made a one-month journey through the mountains of Kamaru near Sylhet to meet him.

On his way to Sylhet, Ibn Battuta was greeted by several of Shah Jalal's disciples who had come to assist him on his journey many days before he had arrived. At the meeting in CE, Ibn Battuta noted that Shah Jalal was tall and lean, fair in complexion and lived by the mosque in a cave, where his only item of value was a goat he kept for milk, butter, and yogurt.

He observed that the companions of the Shah Jalal were foreign and known for their strength and bravery. He also mentions that many people would visit the Shah to seek guidance. Ibn Battuta went further north into Assamthen turned around and continued with his original plan. The island of Sumatraaccording to Ibn Battuta, was rich in camphorareca nutclovesand tin.

At that time Samudra Pasai marked the end of Dar al-Islambecause no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of his own junks to China. Ibn Battuta first sailed for 21 days to a place called "Mul Jawa" island of Java or Majapahit Java which was a center of a Hindu empire.

The empire spanned 2 months of travel, and ruled over the country of Qaqula and Qamara. He met the ruler of Mul Jawa and stayed as a guest for three days. Ibn Battuta then sailed to a state called Kaylukari in the land of Tawalisiwhere he met Urdujaa local princess. Urduja was a brave warrior, and her people were opponents of the Yuan dynasty.

She was described as an "idolater", but could write the phrase Bismillah in Islamic calligraphy. The locations of Kaylukari and Tawalisi are disputed. Filipinos widely believe that Kaylukari was in present-day Pangasinan Province of the Philippines. Numerous other locations have been proposed, ranging from Java to somewhere in Guangdong ProvinceChina.

See Tawalisi for details. One of the first things he noted was that Muslims referred to the city as "Zaitun" meaning olivebut Ibn Battuta could not find any olives anywhere. He mentioned local artists and their mastery in making portraits of newly arrived foreigners; these were for security purposes. Ibn Battuta praised the craftsmen and their silk and porcelainas well as fruits such as plums and watermelons and the advantages of paper money.

He described the manufacturing process of large ships in the city of Quanzhou. Scholars however have pointed out numerous errors given in Ibn Battuta's account of China, for example confusing the Yellow River with the Grand Canal and other waterways, as well as believing that porcelain was made from coal. In Quanzhou, he met two prominent Iranians, Burhan al-Din of Kazerun and Sharif al-Din from Tabriz [ ] both of whom were influential figures noted in the Yuan History as "A-mi-li-ding" and "Sai-fu-ding", respectively.

He then travelled south along the Chinese coast to Guangzhouwhere he lodged for two weeks with one of the city's wealthy merchants. From Guangzhou he went north to Quanzhou and then proceeded to the city of Fuzhouwhere he took up residence with Zahir al-Din and met Kawam al-Din and a fellow countryman named Al-Bushri of Ceutawho had become a wealthy merchant in China.

Ibn Battuta said that Hangzhou was one of the largest cities he had ever seen, [ ] and he noted its charm, describing that the city sat on a beautiful lake surrounded by gentle green hills. Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.

He described floating through the Grand Canal on a boat watching crop fields, orchids, merchants in black silk, and women in flowered silk and priests also in silk. Ibn Batutta noted that the palace of Khanbaliq was made of wood and that the ruler's "head wife" Empress Qi held processions in her honour. Ibn Battuta travelled from Beijing to Hangzhou, and then proceeded to Fuzhou.

Upon his return to Quanzhou, he soon boarded a Chinese junk owned by the Sultan of Samudera Pasai Sultanate heading for Southeast Asia, whereupon Ibn Battuta was unfairly charged a hefty sum by the crew and lost much of what he had collected during his stay in China. Battuta claimed that the Emperor Huizong of Yuan had interred with him in his grave six slave soldiers and four girl slaves.

After returning to Quanzhou inIbn Battuta began his journey back to Morocco. Abu Sa'id's territories had subsequently collapsed due to a fierce civil war between the Iranians and Mongols. InIbn Battuta arrived in Damascus with the intention of retracing the route of his first hajj. He then learned that his father had died 15 years earlier, [ ] and death became the dominant theme for the next year or so.

He heard of terrible death tolls in Gaza but returned to Damascus that July, where the death toll had reached 2, victims each day. Reportedly deaths in Cairo had reached levels of 1, each day. After his departure from al-Andalus he decided to travel through Morocco.