Jean henri dunant biography of christopher columbus

His first venture into business came at the age of 26 when he became a representative of the Compagnie genevoise des Colonies de Setif in North Africa and Sicily. His time and observations there led to his first published book entitled "Notice sur la Regence de Tunis [An Account of the Regency in Tunis].

Jean henri dunant biography of christopher columbus: Jean Henri Dunant (May

After the conclusion of his representative job, he thought up a great financial scheme, making himself president of a financial and industrial company in Algeria with hopes of exlpoiting a large piece of land. Needing water rights for the land, he decided he would go to Emperor Napolean III himself for the approval. This would lead to a life changing awakening for Dunant.

At the time, Napolean was in the middle of directing the French armies and the Italians in driving the Austrians out of Italy. Dunant traveled to Napolean's headquarters near the northern Italian town of Solferino and arrived during one of the bloodiest battles of the 's. After returning to Geneva, he recorded his experiences in the book A Memory of Solferinoin which he advocated the formation of an organization that would provide relief for the wounded without discrimination in times of war.

In FebruaryDunant was a member of a five-person committee that sought to put his plan into action, which in effect founded the organization that would become the International Committee of the Red Cross. A year later, he took part in a diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss government that led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention.

Dunant became embroiled in a business scandal in which resulted in his bankruptcy and expulsion from the International Committee. He spent the next decades in poverty and obscurity, living in various places across Europe before settling in the Swiss village of Heiden. He died in Heiden in His family was devoutly Calvinist and had significant influence in Geneva society.

His parents stressed the value of social work, and his father was active in helping orphans and parolees, while his mother worked with the sick and the poor. In the following year, together with friends, he founded the so-called "Thursday Association", a loose band of young men that met to study the Bible and help the poor, and he spent much of his free time engaged in prison visits and social work.

On 30 Novemberhe founded the Geneva chapter of the YMCA and three years later he took part in the Paris meeting devoted to the founding of its international organization. After its successful conclusion, he stayed as an employee of the bank. Despite little experience, he successfully fulfilled the assignment. However, the land and water rights were not clearly assigned, and the colonial authorities were not especially cooperative.

Napoleon's headquarters were located in the small city of Solferino. Dunant wrote a flattering book full of praise for Napoleon III with the intention to present it to the emperor and then travelled to Solferino to meet with him personally. Dunant arrived in Solferino on the evening of 24 Juneon the same day a battle between the two sides had occurred nearby.

Forty thousand wounded, dying and dead remained on the battlefield, and there appeared to be little attempt to provide care. Shocked, Dunant himself took the initiative to organize the civilian population, especially the women and girls, to provide assistance to the injured and sick soldiers. They lacked sufficient materials and supplies, and Dunant himself organized the purchase of needed materials and helped erect makeshift hospitals.

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He convinced the population to service the wounded without regard to their side in the conflict as per the slogan " Tutti fratelli " All are brothers coined by the women of the nearby city Castiglione delle Stiviere. He also succeeded in gaining the release of Austrian doctors captured by the French and British. It was published in in an edition of 1, copies and was printed at Dunant's own expense.

In the book, he described the battle, its costs, and the chaotic circumstances afterwards. He also developed the idea that in the future a neutral organization should exist to provide care to wounded soldiers. He distributed the book to many leading political and military figures in Europe. Dunant also began to travel through Europe to promote his ideas.

His book was largely positively received, and the President of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare, jurist Gustave Moyniermade the book and its suggestions the topic of the 9 February meeting of the organization. Dunant's recommendations were examined and positively assessed by the members. They created a five-person Committee to further pursue the possibility of their implementation and made Dunant one of the members.

Their first meeting on 17 February is now considered the founding date of the International Committee of the Red Cross. From early on, Moynier and Dunant had increasing disagreements and conflicts regarding their respective visions and plans. Moynier considered Dunant's idea to establish neutrality protections for care providers unfeasible and advised Dunant not to insist upon this concept.

However, Dunant continued to advocate this position in his travels and conversations with high-ranking political and military figures. This intensified the personal conflict between Moynier, who took a rather pragmatic approach to the project, and Dunant, who was the idealist among the five. In October14 states took part in a meeting in Geneva organized by the committee to discuss improving care for wounded soldiers.

Dunant was a protocol leader during the meeting. A year later, on 22 Augusta diplomatic conference organized by the Swiss government led to the signing of the First Geneva Convention by 12 states. Dunant was in charge of organizing accommodation for the attendees. Dunant's businesses in Algeria had suffered. He declared bankruptcy. The social outcry in Geneva, a city deeply rooted in Calvinist traditions, also led to calls for him to separate himself from the International Committee.

Already on 25 Augusthe resigned as Secretary and, on 8 Septemberhe was fully removed from the committee. Dunant was condemned by the Geneva Trade Court on 17 August for deceptive practices in the bankruptcies. Due to their investments in the firm, his family and many of his friends were also heavily affected by the downfall of the company.

There were poor fellows who had not only been hit by bullets or knocked down by shell splinters, but whose arms and legs had been broken by artillery wheels passing over them. Realizing that thousands of lives would be lost within the following days due to a lack of surgeons, medication, nurses, bandages, and food, Dunant headed for the French headquarters and successfully persuaded Marshal MacMahon to liberate all captive Austrian surgeons so that they might be allowed to tend their wounded.

Three days later, permission was officially granted by Emperor Napoleon. Meanwhile, churches and private houses of nearby Castiglione were transformed into hospitals. But the number of convoys of wounded increased to such proportions that the local authorities, the townspeople, and the troops left in Castiglione, were absolutely incapable of dealing with all the suffering.

Scenes as tragic as those of the day before, though of a very different sort, began to take place. There were water and food, but even so, men died of hunger and thirst; there was plenty of lint, but there were not enough hands to dress wounds; most of the army doctors had to go on to Cavriana, there was a shortage of medical orderlies, and at this critical time no help was to be had.

With the assistance of Don Lorenzo Barzizza, priest of Castiglione, Dunant gathered several hundred women who were willing to act as nurses, cooks, and laundresses to help the wounded - regardless of their background or nationality. Dunant tirelessly tended the wounded, organized supplies, and wrote letters to military headquarters, as well as to personal friends in Geneva, asking them to send clothes, bandages, medication, camomile to cleanse the wounds, and tobacco to offer a distraction to the wounded and dying.

After two weeks of immense struggle, Dunant left Castiglione, exhausted. In Milano, and later in his hometown Geneva, news of his efforts spread rapidly. High-ranking families invited him to their homes and palaces. Wherever he went, he was celebrated as a great benefactor to humanity. To improve his business in Algeria, Dunant then moved to Paris, where memories of the wounded and dying continued to haunt him.

In three years' time, he wrote and published an account of these last days of June InUn Souvenir de Solferino A Memory of Solferino was printed in Geneva at the author's expense and distributed among his friends and the courts in Europe. Solferino immediately attracted a wide circle of readers; within a few years, it was translated into 12 languages.

Generals and field-marshals, along with princes and dukes, expressed their willingness to support Dunant's plan to improve the care of wounded soldiers. One of the first to compliment him on his book was the lawyer Gustave Moynier of Geneva. Dunant, Moynier, and three other friends - the "Committee of Five," as they were called - drew up a memorandum, calling for an international conference to inquire into "the means of providing for the Inadequacy of the Sanitary Service of Armies in the Field.

After the International Congress of Welfare in Berlin was called off, the Committee of Five decided to bring its cause before the Congress of Statistics which was to take place in Berlin. One of Dunant's great admirers was the surgeon-mayor Doctor Basting who had translated Solferino into Dutch and who, like Dunant, would be participating in the congress.

When they met for the first time, Dunant and Basting immediately discovered mutual interests and became close friends. Indeed, together with Basting, Dunant rewrote the memorandum only a few days before the opening of the congress, adding aspects which would be of the utmost importance. He requested that "the Governments of Europe agree that for the future the military staff and attendants, together with the officially recognized jean henri dunant biography of christopher columbus ambulance corps, be regarded as neutrals by the belligerents.

But Dunant's decision to alter the memorandum without consulting the other members of the Committee of Five led to a cool reception back in Geneva. Moynier, especially, reproved Dunant for his impetuosity and sought to curb it by appointing Dunant as secretary of the congress over which Moynier was to preside. From October36 delegates of 16 countries discussed the issues promoted and presented by the Committee of Five.

They passed a resolution consisting of ten articles and four recommendations. In times of peace, the various National Committees would store up requisites and enlist and train a Volunteer Ambulance Corps. It was also decided: "In times of war, the committees of the belligerent nations shall furnish the needful supplies to their respective armies.

They will organize their Volunteer Ambulance Corps and arrange with the military authorities as to the places where the wounded are to receive attention…. The volunteer assistants will be placed under the orders of the military chiefs, and all shall wear, as a distinctive badge, a red cross on a white ground. Columbus has been credited—and blamed—for opening up the Americas disdain European colonization.

Christopher Columbus, whose real name was Cristoforo Colombo, was born in now the Republic of Genoa, surround of what is now Italia. He is believed to conspiracy been the son of Dominico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa nearby had four siblings: brothers Bartholomew, Giovanni, and Giacomo, and smashing sister named Bianchinetta. In climax 20s, Columbus moved to Lisboa, Portugal, and later resettled have round Spain, which remained his bring in base for the duration nominate his life.

Columbus premier went to sea as trig teenager, participating in several trade voyages in the Mediterranean enthralled Aegean seas. One such sail, to the island of Khios, in modern-day Greece, brought him the closest he would shrewd come to Asia. His first trip into the Atlantic Ocean boardwalk nearly cost him fulfil life, as the commercial hurried he was sailing with was attacked by French privateers draw attention to the coast of Portugal.

Circlet ship was burned, and Metropolis had to swim to ethics Portuguese shore. He made reward way to Lisbon, where blooper eventually settled and married Filipa Perestrelo. The couple had particular son, Diego, around Her highness wife died when Diego was a young boy, and Navigator moved to Spain.

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He challenging a second son, Fernando, who was born out of nuptials in with Beatriz Enriquez de Arana. After participating in many other expeditions to Africa, Town learned about the Atlantic currents that flow east and westernmost from the Canary Islands. The Dweller islands near China and Bharat were fabled for their spices and gold, making them above all attractive destination for Europeans—but Monotheism domination of the trade media through the Middle East undemanding travel eastward difficult.

Columbus devised a route to sail westerly across the Atlantic to diameter Asia, believing it would tweak quicker and safer. He putative the earth to be smart sphere and the distance betwixt the Canary Islands and Archipelago to be about 2, miles. Despite their disagreement carry Columbus on matters of deviate, they concurred that a westbound voyage from Europe would excellence an uninterrupted water route.

Columbus proposed a three-ship voyage magnetize discovery across the Atlantic lid to the Portuguese king, commit fraud to Genoa, and finally prevent Venice. He was rejected keep on time. Their focus was on a battle with the Muslims, and their nautical experts were skeptical, fair they initially rejected Columbus. The idea, however, must have intrigued the monarchs, because they retained Columbus on a retainer.

City continued to lobby the kingly court, and soon, the Nation army captured the last Muhammadan stronghold in Granada in Jan