Joseph carl robert licklider biography channel

Inhe joined the faculty at Harvard Universitywhere he was a researcher in the Psycho-Acoustics Laboratory until and then a lecturer at the Psychology Laboratories until At MIT in the s, Licklider was first exposed to computers while working in human factors engineering. He immediately realized their potential for transforming society, but he also realized that this transformation could only be achieved by improving the usability of computers.

It was during this period that he did some of his most seminal and influential work. Published in"Man-Computer Symbiosis" was one of Licklider's most influential and widely read papers. Although more inclusive language is now used, this idea struck Licklider as having great potential for profoundly transforming the way people do their work.

Based, by his own admission, on a completely unscientific evaluation of his own technical thinking, Licklider discovered that he spent most of his time on clerical or mechanical tasks that only served as preparation for thinking. Tasks such as searching, calculating, plotting, and determining the logical consequences of hypotheses or assumptions obstructed the flow of thoughts and insights that ideally should be the sole occupation of a scientist.

Moreover, Licklider found to his own embarrassment that his selection of a scientific problem was often based on the feasibility of the necessary clerical work rather than his capacity to do the intellectual work involved. This indicated that further progress in science would be impeded without some way to reduce the clerical load inherent in scientific research.

The answer, Licklider knew, was to have computers do the clerical and mechanical tasks, thereby freeing researchers to concentrate on the intellectual aspects of their work and to perform the decisions that required human judgment rather than accurate calculation. However, it was imperative that the use of computers was a seamless part of research rather than a process that halted when software had to be written to handle particular problems.

In this sense, computers had to be interactive, with sophisticated, flexible software that could be used in a large number of situations. Licklider referred to this complementary division of work between humans and computers as "symbiosis," where the close union and cooperation of two dissimilar organisms benefits both. While in fact humans benefit from this arrangement far more than computers, the analogy nonetheless helps to illustrate Licklider's vision.

Perhaps Licklider's grandest vision was the "Library of the Future," which consisted of large, interconnected, distributed knowledge bases organized and subdivided by fields of knowledge. As conceived, it was far more organized than the World Wide Web that developed in the s and would have offered its users advanced analysis that went far beyond mere text indexing and retrieval.

Joseph carl robert licklider biography channel: American computer scientist who helped lay

Although Licklider found the conventional library to have shortcomings, most of which had to do with the physical nature of the printed book and the arrangement of books on library shelves, he still favored the printed page for display. More significant, he favored retaining most "component-level schemata" of current bibliographic practice, including concepts such as titles, authors, abstracts, body text, footnotes, lists of references, catalogs, indexes, and thesauri.

These, when combined with the speed of access provided by networked computers and with interactive computing, would have provided some of the components of the online library he envisioned. While not planned as a centralized, monolithic system, the "Library of the Future" still would have required widespread cooperation to make its various services work in a unified way.

Licklider described it as a "procognitive system" that would offer its users access to the actual knowledge contained in the library rather than merely its collection of publications. This proved to be an elusive goal, as it involved somehow extracting and encoding the essence of meaning contained within the literature it encompassed and then allowing the user to have the system execute chains of logical reasoning to test hypotheses.

While some expert systems have demonstrated such functionality within limited domains of knowledge, no one as of the year has succeeded in demonstrating a system that does this in a generalized way. Department of Defense. While there, he served as director of information processing techniques and behavioral sciences, and he played a significant role in the development of the ARPANET, which demonstrated the usefulness and reliability of high-speed packet-switched networks over large geographical areas and laid the foundation for the Internet.

Licklider is also credited with establishing concepts such as time sharing and resource sharing, making it possible for multiple users to access a single large computer. Psychologists's work and dreams led to the rise of the Internet. Licklider — ". Columbia University. Retrieved March 30, Oxford University Press. Shortly after the first paper on time-shared computers by C.

Teager and J. Encyclopedia Britannica. Meanwhile, computer pioneer J. Licklider at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT began to promote the idea of interactive computing as an alternative to batch processing. Ceruzzi Computing: A Concise History. The MIT Press. Archived from the original PDF on Licklider April 23, Washington, D.

Retrieved August 19, Archived from the original on October 22, Retrieved April 20, The Art of Unix Programming. Retro Gamer. Imagine Publishing. Experientia Basel 7, 4, — Schubert Psychological Acoustics. Patterson; J. Holdsworth; M. Allerhand In Marten Egbertus Hendrik Schouten ed.

Joseph carl robert licklider biography channel: This is a record of

Walter de Gruyter. Bibcode : ASAJ HFE-1,March Libraries of the Future PDF. The History of Computing Project. July 8, Retrieved August 7, AI Magazine. ISSN Retrieved May 1, Lawrence G. November Archived from the original on March 24, Retrieved 5 September May Retrieved 13 April November 7, Archived from the original on August 8, Taylor, Science and TechnologyApril Further reading [ edit ].

External links [ edit ].

Joseph carl robert licklider biography channel: Licklider was a prominent

Wikimedia Commons has media related to J. Wikiquote has quotations related to J. Internet Hall of Fame. Some curricula vitae and bibliographies prepared by Licklider himself exist in the manuscripts. New York : Wiley, New York: Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, With George A. New York: Wiley, Bennett, James Degan, and Joseph Spiegel. New York: Frederick A.

Praeger, Overhage and R. Joyce Harman. New York: Macmillan, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, New York: Basic Books, Dertouzos and Joel Moses. With J. Webster and J. Pylyshyn, — Englewood Cliffs, N. With Welden E. With Daniel G. Bobrow, R. Kain, and Bertram Raphael. With Robert W. Taylor and Evan Herbert.

Joseph carl robert licklider biography channel: Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development

With A. Aspray, William, and Arthur L. A scholarly oral history record. Fano, Robert M. Garfinkel, Simon L. Edited by Hal Abelson. Cambridge: MIT Press, Kita, Chigusa Ishikawa. An extended version of this work is published as a book in Japanese, J. Licklider and His Age. Tokyo: Seido-sha, Lee, John A. This is a record of group interview 10 October that includes a biographical sketch of Licklider related to the early history of interactive computing at MIT.

Participants are Fernando J. Fano, Martin Greenberger, Joseph C. Licklider, Douglas T. Ross, and Allan L. Scherr, as listed. Norberg, Arthur L. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Most reliable history book on IPTO based on the historical documents of the agency that include normally inaccessible records. Waldrop, M. The Dream Machine: J.